Population ecology and spatial distribution of Himalayan Ibex in Qurumber National Park, Pakistan | Journal of Mountain Science

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Himalayan Ibex (Snow Leopard India)

ibex (Capra sibirica)
PAKISTAN
WOLVES IN PROTECTED AREAS | Qurumber National Park,

Population ecology and spatial distribution of Himalayan Ibex in Qurumber National Park, Pakistan. KARIM I, LIU X, KHAN B, RAHMAN AU, ALAM W. Journal of Mountain Science. 2026

ABSTRACT

Understanding the population status and spatial distribution of mountain ungulates is essential for effective conservation in high-altitude ecosystems. This study provides the first comprehensive assessment of the population density and distribution of Himalayan ibex (Capra sibirica) in Qurumber National Park, located in the extreme northwest of Pakistan. Field surveys were conducted during winter (December 2024–January 2025) across nine sub-catchments using a fixed-point direct count method. A total of 475 individuals were recorded, representing different age and sex classes and indicating ongoing recruitment within the population. Ibex distribution varied considerably among sub-catchments, with higher concentrations observed in areas characterized by suitable habitat conditions and lower human disturbance. Statistical analysis revealed significant spatial variation in ibex distribution among sub-catchments (p = 0.001), highlighting habitat heterogeneity within the park. The overall population density was estimated at 0.57 individuals/km2, with comparatively higher densities recorded in key habitats important for species persistence. Regression analysis indicated that increasing livestock grazing pressure was negatively associated with vegetation availability, which may influence habitat quality and long-term population viability. This study provides important baseline information on the population status and spatial ecology of Himalayan ibex in a previously underexplored high-altitude ecosystem and highlights the importance of integrated rangeland management and community-based conservation strategies for the long-term conservation of the species in Qurumber National Park.