RECENT RESEARCH JULY & AUGUST 2026

ABSTRACT
Aim

To investigate the ecological and evolutionary drivers of morphological variation in grey wolves (Canis lupus) across their global range:
Location

The entire Holarctic distribution of grey wolves, from Greenland to New Mexico in North America, from Norway to Israel in Eurasia, including several samples from Russia and India.
Methods

We analysed 227 wolf skulls using high-resolution 3D geometric morphometrics (585 cranial and 96 mandibular landmarks) to assess the influence of continental separation, latitude, prey mass and population history on skull (cranium and mandible) size and shape.
Results

Skull size was primarily influenced by population identity, increasing with average prey mass and latitude up to roughly 65°, with minimal differences between continents. Skull shape was mainly determined by population identity, with minor contributions from skull size, continent, and latitude; prey mass had no detectable effect. Average crania differed in the length-to-width ratio, shape and relative position of the frontal bones and zygomatic arches. Populations with the most distinct skull shapes included Modern Scandinavian wolves, Arctic wolves (East Greenland and Ellesmere Island), Italy and Coastal Alaska. These disparities are consistent with expected changes associated with long-term isolation, demographic events (e.g., bottlenecks, founder effects), human-driven fragmentation and extirpation of wolves, shifts in prey availability, and possible hybridization.
Main Conclusions

Morphological variation in wolves is shaped by a combination of ecological pressures, geography and human impacts. Past isolation and human-induced declines have increased divergence, emphasizing the importance of considering ecomorphological patterns when assessing evolutionary resilience and informing conservation planning for large carnivores.

Abstract
Accurate abundance estimates are essential for wildlife conservation but remain difficult to obtain for wide-ranging and elusive species. Camera-traps (CT) are one of the most popular tools to study wildlife. However, the usefulness of CT data to estimate population sizes for species without individual marks remains debated. Several statistical methods showed promise in simulation studies, but researchers urged caution, and large-scale applicability remains unclear. This work aims to evaluate the use of Bayesian Spatial Count (SC) models to estimate the wolf (Canis lupus) population size in the Italian Alps using CT data collected through an opportunistic sampling design. A total of 755 CT were deployed across the entire range of occurrence during 2020/2021. Thanks to the availability of independent abundance estimates during the same period, we were able to investigate the effect of including prior information on the quality of large-scale population size estimates. SC models failed to provide accurate population size estimates, largely overestimating abundance, especially when using non-informative priors. While including informative priors on the effect of density covariates slightly improved estimates, providing informative priors for the spatial scale parameter led to no improvement, contrary to previous suggestions. Our findings highlighted the importance of using an adequate sampling design and accounting for individual heterogeneity in detectability within the population. Overall, SC models based on CT data seem not yet suitable for large-scale mo

ummary

The Andean fox, Lycalopex culpaeus, is a widely distributed generalist canid throughout the Andes, although information about its morphology and ecology in the north of its distribution is still limited. We report new information about the anatomy and diet of an individual from the southwest of Colombia from whom we examine the stomach and intestines. The stomach is simple, rounded, and expands into the heart and fundus region. The diet consisted mainly of small rodents, according to documented prey in other regions. This study presents the first detailed description of the gastrointestinal morphology of the Andean fox in the northern Andes.

Abstract

The Verreaux’s Eagle (Aquila verreauxii) is a highly specialized predator that feeds mainly on rock hyraxes and occupies steep mountainous habitats across its African and Arabian range. Despite its large size and morphological similarities to scavenging raptors, carrion consumption has rarely been documented and had not previously been reported in the Arabian Peninsula. Here, we report the first confirmed case of sustained carrion consumption by Verreaux’s Eagles in Saudi Arabia, documented through motion-triggered cameras at a bait station in the Harrat Uwayrid Biosphere Reserve in the AlUla region of northwestern Saudi Arabia. Two Verreaux’s Eagles visited a goat carcass at the bait station over four consecutive days in December 2024, with a combined presence exceeding 11 hours. The eagles showed repeated and prolonged feeding, with no apparent hesitation in carrion exploitation and no interspecific competition. No vultures or other large raptors visited the site during the four-day period. Our observations suggest that carrion may provide a low-cost foraging opportunity for Verreaux’s Eagles in this arid environment, where traditional prey may be less available. Our observations also provide further evidence of behavioral flexibility in a raptor typically regarded as an obligate predator. These findings highlight the value of systematic monitoring for detecting rare behaviors and improving knowledge of raptor foraging ecology in under-studied regions.

Dynamic occupancy models are fundamental for understanding complex species recolonisation processes, as they allow the assessment of both colonisation and persistence probabilities over time. Using a dynamic occupancy model and a large-scale multi-year dataset on wolf presence collected in the Italian alpine region between 2014 and 2020, we analysed temporal trends in wolf colonisation and persistence probabilities in relation to environmental factors, prey availability and human-related characteristics. Our results demonstrate that wolf recolonisation is an ongoing and dynamic process in the Italian Alps, with colonisation probabilities increasing throughout the study period, particularly in the northeast of the study area. Although we detected a slight positive temporal trend in the effect of human density, wolves continue to preferentially colonise natural areas, despite a decreasing availability, as evidenced by the continued positive effects of forest cover, low natural vegetation and presence of wild ungulates. Persistence probabilities remained relatively high and constant on average, but we noticed an increasingly negative effect of the presence of livestock pastures and densely populated areas. On the other hand, we noticed an increasingly positive effect of covariates associated with natural areas, such as forest cover, low natural vegetation and wild ungulate richness. This resulted in an increasingly contrasted spatial pattern in persistence probability throughout the region, likely reflecting conflict zones where wolves attempt to establish but struggle to survive. Overall, our study aligns with trends observed in other wolf populations across Europe, showing an expansion into new areas with different characteristics, highlighting potential areas of emerging conflict that warrant continued targeted monitoring. These patterns offer valuable insights for wolf conservation and management in human-dominated landscapes.

Julkaisun pysyvä osoite on
https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:oulu-202606184625
Population growth and viability are influenced by reproductive success and distribution of a species. The recolonizing grey wolf (Canis lupus) population in Finland is inhabiting increasingly human-dominated areas even though suitable habitat exists in areas with lower human density. Simultaneously, the population has divided into eastern and western subpopulations with low gene flow between them. To understand the factors influencing Finnish wolf population growth patterns and spatial variation, I investigated wolf reproductive success in 2018-2025 across 91 territories (n = 355 observations). Reproductive success was defined as evidence of offspring surviving to late winter. An analysis using generalized mixed-effects models including prey abundance, residential density, dog depredation, and territory persistence showed a negative association of human influence on wolf reproductive success. Residential density was associated with lower reproductive success and was associated with a positive effect only at the highest prey biomass levels. Dog depredation had a weak negative effect on wolf reproductive success, but territory persistence showed no significant effect. This study adds to the existing research showing the negative impact of human proximity and disturbance on wolf populations. As the wolf protection status has been lowered to allow hunting in Finland, sustainable conservation and management strategies would benefit from increased understanding of critical wolf population parameters to ensure the viability of the population as a whole, to improve connectivity and gene flow throughout Finland, and to facilitate coexistence between the two apex predators, wolves and humans. Overall, the results highlight a context-dependent trade-off in which high prey availability can offset – but not eliminate – the reproductive costs associated with human-dominated environments.

Populaation kasvuun ja elinvoimaisuuteen vaikuttavat lajin lisääntymismenestys ja alueellinen jakaantuminen. Suden (Canis lupus) palatessa entisille levinneisyysalueilleen Suomessa, populaation painopiste on siirtynyt korkean asukastiheyden alueelle Lounais-Suomeen, vaikka keskisessä Suomessa olisi sopivia elinalueita ja matalampi asukastiheys. Samaan aikaan populaatio on jakautunut itäiseen ja läntiseen osapopulaatioon, joiden välinen geenivaihto on vähäistä. Ymmärtääkseni paremmin suomalaisen susipopulaation kasvuun ja alueelliseen jakautumiseen vaikuttavia tekijöitä, tutkin suden lisääntymismenestystä vuosina 2018-2025 91 reviirillä (n = 355 havaintoa). Lisääntymismenestys määriteltiin pentujen selviytymistä myöhäistalveen kuvaavana muuttujana. Analyysi toteutettiin yleistetyillä lineaarisilla sekamalleilla (GLMM), ja analysoitaessa saaliseläinrunsautta, asukastiheyttä, koiravahinkoja ja reviirien pysyvyyttä havaittiin tilastollisesti merkitsevä negatiivinen yhteys lisääntymismenestyksen ja ihmisvaikutuksen kanssa. Asukastiheyden negatiivinen vaikutus lisääntymismenestykseen kääntyi positiiviseksi vasta suurimpien saalisbiomassojen reviireillä. Koiravahinkojen yhteys lisääntymismenestykseen oli heikko ja negatiivinen, ja reviirin pysyvyyden suhteen merkitsevää yhteyttä ei löytynyt. Tämä tutkimus lisää tietoa ihmislähtöisten häiriötekijöiden negatiivisesta vaikutuksesta susipopulaation menestymismahdollisuuksiin Suomessa. Suden suojelutason laskettua ja salliessa laajemman metsästyksen, kestävä kannanhoidollinen ja suojelun suunnittelu tarvitsee ajantasaista tietoa populaatiodynamiikan peruspilareista. Näin voidaan lisätä populaation alueellista yhteyttä ja varmistaa riittävä geenivaihto vahvistaen suomalaisen susipopulaation elinvoimaisuutta ja ihmisen ja suden yhteiseloa kestävälle tasolle. Tulokset korostavat, että runsas saalisbiomassa voi osittain kompensoida ihmisen aiheuttamia haitallisia vaikutuksia lisääntymismenestykseen, mutta ei poista niitä.

Abstract

Acoustic and olfactory signals, including their function and form, have been extensively studied in social carnivores. However, visual signals have been comparatively understudied. To this end, we sought to evaluate whether a unified, cross-species coding system that integrates manual and facial gestures is feasible and useful for comparative research on social carnivores. To address this gap in knowledge, we developed and applied a uniform coding framework to three species of captive social carnivores: Crocuta crocuta (spotted hyena) (n=4), Lycaon pictus (African wild dog) (n=3), and Canis lupus baileyi (Mexican gray wolf) (n=2). Our goal was to document gesture types using shared form-based labels, quantify overlap and divergence in gesture forms across species, and assess whether the resulting dataset supports interpretable comparisons of gesture frequency, recipient targeting, and context-linked function. We conducted behavioral observations of gestural communications in captive populations housed at three zoos in the United States (Buffalo, New York; Columbus, Ohio; Denver, Colorado) from June 2024 to June 2025. We used continuous focal sampling for three random hours per day during zoo operational hours (five days per week, 9:00–16:00 EST), supplemented with instantaneous scan sampling of gestural behaviors at five-minute intervals. We employed Bayesian generalized linear mixed models, including sender as a random effect, to assess the relationship between species and propensity to exhibit various gestural types (‘rank reinforcement’, ‘affiliative’, and ‘other’). Furthermore, we quantified overlap in gesture-category distributions and assessed variation in gestural function across all subjects using the Bray-Curtis dissimilarity index. We found that a unified coding framework has utility for comparing gestural communication across social carnivores that otherwise vary in their species-specific ethograms. Across three species, we documented gestures that were unique to a single species and a small core of overlapping gestures, based on context. By establishing a practical, harmonized approach to coding visible gestures, we provided a methodological infrastructure for future cross-species research on social communication and facilitated direct comparisons currently limited by inconsistent gesture annotation.

Incorporating cognition, i.e., learning and memory, into models of animal movement is increasingly important as models seek to answer more complex questions where individuals’ prior experiences shape their choices. Two example are foraging behavior and predator avoidance. While models of predator–prey dynamics exist, the impact of cognition on movement and predator–prey interactions is largely unexplored. This dissertation presents a flexible, continuous-space, and continuous-time model incorporating an animal using memory to navigate a landscape of heterogeneous resources. The forager balances attraction to food with avoidance of predators in making movement decisions. Two streams make up the resource memory: a repulsive stream that drives the forager away from recently visited areas and an attractive stream that draws the forager back to high quality areas. The predator memory is solely repulsive. The model is used to examine questions related to the advantage of added cognitive complexity for animals in the context of foraging and balancing the food–safety trade-off with predators. First, foraging without predators is considered and several movement processes are compared: a simple correlated random walk; kinesis, a correlated random walk that switches between searching and feeding behaviors; and memory-informed movement. The model is used to examine for which landscapes the added cognitive complexity of maintaining memory is advantageous and to analyze the behavioral differences between using and not using memory. In general, a landscape where there is a larger payoff for finding a resource patch, whether in size, value, or difficulty in locating, favors memory. While memory-informed search can be difficult to differentiate from other sensory-driven search behavior, disproportionate spatial use of higher value areas, higher consumption rates, and consumption variability all point to memory influencing the movement direction. Next, predators are introduced that vary in their temporal predictability and in their correlation with the prey’s resources. Memory outperforms simpler movement processes most for patchy landscapes and more predictable predators, which may be more easily avoided once learned. In these cases, memory aids foragers in managing the food–safety trade-off, as particular parameterizations of predator memory reduce predator encounters while maintaining consumption. Non-consumptive effects are highest in landscapes of concentrated, patchy resources and especially when predators are highly correlated with the forager’s resources. These non-consumptive effects are also seen with the shift away from the best quality habitat compared to foraging in a predator-free environment. Finally, learning is examined in more detail with naive foragers introduced to new landscapes as well as predators introduced partway through the simulation. Most non-extreme learning rates provide the forager with sufficient information. In general, foragers that are low to moderately exploratory in new habitats are successful, though performance is habitat-dependent. In the case of introduced predators, predators vary in the area threatened and foragers vary in their memory state. While area threatened plays a key role in determining how much habitat use changes, the forager’s knowledge of alternative habitats and exploratory inclinations affects what types of shifts occur.

Abstract

Maintenance of genetic variation which can be maintained by negative assortative mating is important for continued evolutionary response. Coat colour polymorphisms of dominant black coat colour in generally grey wolves is the result of a 3 base pair deletion in the beta-defensin gene. In and near Yellowstone National Park between 1995 and 2024, 59.3% of the matings were observed to be between wolves of different colour, while only 44.9% were expected to be. The dominant white-striped versus tan-striped crown in the white-throated sparrow is associated with inversions greater than 100 Mb in length. Overall, from 1988 to 2019, 98.0% of the observed pairings were between mates with different phenotypes, while only 50% were expected. The human leucocyte antigen (HLA) genes span a large region of about 3.6 megabase pairs on chromosome 6. Studies published in 1995 and 1997 suggested mating choice patterns based on differences in HLA. Since then, there have been a large number of studies that have not found decreased mate sharing of HLA alleles and found mating frequencies consistent with random-mating expectations. Overall, there are only a few well-documented cases of negative assortative mating in vertebrates with the two primary examples being coat colour polymorphism in wolves and crown colour polymorphism in sparrows. However, these examples indicate that negative assortative mating can be very significant and that further efforts to document it are warranted.

Abstract
The ranges of the grey wolf (Canis lupus) and the golden jackal (Canis aureus) are rapidly expanding across Europe, increasingly overlapping due to habitat changes, climate shifts, and adaptation to human-modified landscapes. This overlap raises important ecological and genetic questions, particularly regarding hybridization within the Canis genus. The Dinaric-Balkan region, including Bosnia and Herzegovina, is a key area for studying these processes due to the coexistence of wolves, jackals, and free-ranging dogs. Free-ranging dogs share habitats with both wild relatives, making them potential mediators of gene flow and hybridization. We analysed 15 microsatellite loci in 184 Canis individuals (56 free-ranging dogs, 48 jackals, and 80 wolves) to detect hybridisation signals in these species. We found four putative dog-wolf hybrids and one dog-jackal hybrid. Wolf-jackal hybrids were not detected, despite increasing range overlap revealed using the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) implemented within the geographic information system (GIS) environment. Given that wolves from Bosnia and Herzegovina form part of a continuous Dinaric-Balkan population, the putative hybrids detected in this study may reflect dispersing individuals rather than spatially restricted occurrences. Our findings provide insights into Canis dynamics in the region and highlight the need for coordinated, transboundary monitoring and further research to better understand hybridization processes and gene flow within Canis populations across this area.

Abstract The Scandinavian wolf (Canis lupus) population is being monitored annually using non-invasive genetic sampling (NGS) and recovery of dead individuals. DNA extracted from faeces, urine, hair, and tissue is used to identify the species, sex, and individual from which each sample originated. These data are compiled in the Scandinavian large carnivore database Rovbase 3.0. Using the Bayesian open-population spatial capture-recapture (OPSCR) model developed by RovQuant, we estimated annual density and vital rates of the Scandinavian wolf population for ten consecutive monitoring seasons from 2016/2017 to 2025/2026. We generated annual density maps and estimated total and jurisdiction-specific population sizes for wolf from the winter 2016/2017 to 2025/2026 within the main population range. Based on the OPSCR model, the size of the Scandinavian wolf population was likely (95% credible interval) between 402 and 453 individuals in 2025/2026, with 350 to 394 individuals attributed to Sweden and 48 to 65 to Norway. These estimates represent a small increase after three years of continuous decline. In addition to annual density and jurisdiction-specific abundance estimates, we report annual estimates of cause-specific mortality, recruitment, and detection probabilities. – did not match any articles.

ABSTRACT

The brown bear (Ursus arctos) is the largest terrestrial carnivore in Iran with a rapidly shrinking range. In this study, we assembled the most comprehensive and up-to-date distribution dataset of the brown bear in Iran. We applied Species Distribution Models (SDMs) and corridor mapping to identify this charismatic mammal’s suitable habitats and its corridors across the Zagros and Alborz mountains to ensure this Endangered charismatic large carnivore in Iran. We also estimated the coverage of protected areas for the species’ suitable habitats. Our data confirmed the presence of the species in 22 of 31 provinces of the country. The total suitable area for the species is 347,728 km2. We showed that significant parts of the suitable areas, 77%, of the brown bear’s suitable habitats, are located outside of the protected areas network. Slope and vegetation were the most important variables shaping the species distribution, and dense forests in the absence of mountain areas are not suitable for the species. One practical result of this study is narrow, well-defined corridors which are more feasible to validate in the field, monitor over time, and integrate into conservation planning. While the circuit method can provide valuable insights into corridor mapping, this method always produces wide corridors, which are challenging to prioritize for targeted conservation efforts for carnivores. Thus, we recommend linear corridors for carnivores’ conservation planning.

Abstract

Acoustic communication is crucial for survival across the animal kingdom, with acoustic signals being shaped by the interaction of producer and receiver selective pressures. While spectral features’ variation reflects species-specific selection, the evolutionary history of acoustic communication rhythms, i.e., the rhythmic modulations of acoustic signals, remains unknown. Using data from 98 species spanning primarily mammals and birds, with additional representation from amphibians, reptiles, fishes, and insects, we investigate the origins of acoustic communication rhythms, notably whether they are shaped by the producer’s anatomical characteristics, environmental constraints, or social complexity. Regression models which controlled for phylogenetic relatedness did not support an influence of these species-specific selective forces; instead, explicit phylogenetic models of trait evolution showed that most species’ rhythms are conserved around an evolutionary optimum of 2.7 Hz that falls within the neural delta range (1–4 Hz) and predates mammalian divergence. Given the known conserved brain oscillations across species and delta involvement in active sensing, we propose that, unlike spectral features, acoustic rhythm could be governed by a universal neural mechanism facilitating effective intra and interspecific communication via a shared channel that has persisted through evolutionary times.

Abstract

The study of animal movement is vital to our understanding of spatio-temporal implications for species behavior, ecology, and conservation. Determining the drivers of movement gives insights into, for instance, species interactions in the ecosystem. The species Canis lupus includes subspecies of the gray wolf (Canis lupus spp.), as well as the dingo (Canis lupus dingo), and the domestic dog (Canis lupus familiaris), thus providing an opportunity to identify differences in movement patterns along a wild-domestic animal gradient. Here, we assessed how these canid subspecies move in response to intrinsic and extrinsic variables through a systematic literature search of articles and data analyses related to the movement patterns of wolves, dingoes, and free-ranging dogs. We found 145 published studies worldwide. Wolves and dingoes traveled at least seven times the daily distance of a dog. Home ranges were largest for wolves, followed by dingoes and finally dogs. Regarding activity patterns, wolves showed a higher probability of cathemeral activity than dogs. Based on our statistical analysis, age influenced movement patterns in wolves, with subadults traveling further than adults, whereas sex was associated with home range in dogs and dingoes, with females exhibiting larger core or extended areas than males. The effects of extrinsic variables, including temporal, landscape, and anthropogenic factors, varied across the three subspecies. We highlight the need for a wider use of standardized metrics and information report to enable global comparisons, and the consideration of intrinsic and extrinsic variables as drivers of canid movement patterns. The information presented is a first step to improve our knowledge of these patterns and our understanding of the ecological and evolutionary aspects of this group. The information gathered may also provide clues for the mitigation of human-canids conflicts.

Abstract

This study presents the first assessment of the activity patterns of the Balkan Chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra balcanica) in Greece using camera traps, with a focus on potential differences between forested and open habitats. We deployed 49 camera traps across northwestern Greece (2015–2020), targeting areas with high Chamois presence. Thirty-nine cameras yielded usable data (6,152 camera days). We analyzed seasonal and diel activity patterns based on independent photographic events. Chamois had a daily activity ranging from 9:00 to 21:00 and a peak at 11:00. The species used both forested and open areas, but we found no substantial differences in their activity patterns between the two. Nocturnal activity was generally low but increased during autumn in open areas, coinciding with the rutting season. We recommend a systematic camera trap deployment in future studies to evaluate activity overlap with sympatric species and the effects of human disturbance on Chamois behavior.

ABSTRACT
Plant consumption by felids is widely reported; however, direct behavioral evidence in wild individuals remains scarce. A camera-trap was used to document plant-directed behaviors by wild snow leopards (Panthera uncia) toward Myricaria sp. and to compare responses of sympatric mammals. A camera was deployed at approximately 2580 m in the Shamshy co-managed nature protected area, Kyrgyzstan, recording 60-s videos upon motion detection across 412 monitoring days. In total, 1065 videos were obtained, including 131 mammal encounters representing nine wild species and four domestic species. Plant consumption was observed in snow leopards, domestic horses (Equus ferus caballus), Siberian ibex (Capra sibirica), and domestic cattle (Bos taurus); however, Myricaria sp. ingestion occurred only in snow leopards and horses. A single adult male snow leopard was recorded on 15 occasions across three non-consecutive days. Across 15 videos, feeding on Myricaria sp. occurred during 14, typically following sniffing (11/15) and then, often, head-rubbing (7/15). The snow leopard progressively consumed branches from distal tips toward the proximal base. These events occurred in winter and early spring when Myricaria sp. bore mostly stubbles and stems. Horses appeared on six non-consecutive days (50 videos) and fed on Myricaria sp. only during the leafy period recorded on 1 day (14 videos) on 25th September 2022; seven of 18 passing horses fed, defoliating shrubs. Domestic dogs and ibexes sniffed Myricaria sp. in three and four videos, respectively, but did not consume it. These observations provide the first camera-trap evidence of Myricaria sp. consumption by wild snow leopards and reveal associated sniffing followed by feeding and then head-rubbing, suggestive of olfactory assessment and also potential marking. Species-specific use of Myricaria sp. indicates roles beyond forage. The findings motivate targeted chemical and physiological studies to clarify functional drivers (e.g., gastrointestinal, self-medication, oral stimulation, or scent-marking) of plant-directed behaviors in felids.

Abstract

Individual dietary variation in sexually dimorphic predator populations arises from phenotypic traits, preference, prey availability, and competition. We tested competing hypotheses for how diet similarity among cougars (Puma concolor) is influenced by sex, seasonal prey availability, and home range overlap in the southern interior of British Columbia, Canada. We proposed four hypotheses: (1) prey availability—overlapping individuals share similar diets due to access to the same prey base; (2) resource competition—overlapping individuals diverge in diet to minimize competition; (3) resource partitioning—diet similarity peaks at intermediate overlap; and (4) null—sex and season explain similarity irrespective of overlap. We analyzed diet data from 27 female and 11 male cougars (875 kill sites) and extrapolated prey availability from 146 remote cameras to test for sex-based differences in prey selection across winter, migration, and summer. We then used a pairwise approach to model diet similarity between individuals. Males generally killed larger prey (e.g., moose, Elk), while females killed more deer, with differences in deer species selection in the Boundary study area where fewer large prey were available. We found support for resource partitioning between female–female dyads and for resource competition between male–female dyads. Diet similarity was lowest in summer when home ranges were largest and highest in winter when ranges were smallest. Our findings highlight the complexity of predation patterns and the roles of sexual dimorphism, seasonal prey availability, and resource partitioning in shaping prey use among spatially overlapping territorial predators in multi-prey systems.

bstract
Introduction

Habitat disturbance is a major driver of population declines of woodland caribou in Canada. Habitat restoration is a critical component of a successful, long-term approach to caribou recovery; however, with limited resources, it is important to target areas where restoration efforts will provide maximum benefits to caribou. An increasingly severe fire regime in Canada threatens to re-disturb recently restored areas, limiting their efficacy.
Objectives

In this study, we evaluate which caribou herd ranges have the highest concentration of high-priority restoration areas and how incorporating burn probability changes priority areas.
Methods

We apply spatially explicit, Landsat-based maps of forest condition, structure, disturbance, and burn probability to a restoration prioritization framework. We evaluate restoration priority both with and without burn probability.
Results

We found that incorporating burn probability into restoration prioritization changed the relative ranking of 22% of restoration units considered. For some herds, the concentration of high-priority areas changed dramatically, with the Calendar herd dropping from 49% of restoration units being classified as high priority when not considering burn probability to just 25% when considering burn probability.
Conclusion

Our findings highlight how disturbance probability can be incorporated when determining areas for restoration and demonstrate how medium-resolution satellite data products can be utilized to inform habitat restoration priorities.

Abstract

Understanding the temporal niche of different carnivores and their interactions with humans is crucial for conservation research. This study aimed to investigate the activity patterns of the carnivore community and their responses to human activities in the common leopard (Panthera pardus) distribution area of the Luoxu White-lipped Deer Nature Reserve, Sichuan Province, China. From September 2019 to October 2020, camera traps were used to obtain data on seven different carnivores. Kernel density estimation and generalised linear models were used to study the temporal niche partitioning of these carnivores and their reactions to human and livestock activities. Among the three types of large carnivores, common leopards preferred daytime and twilight and showed limited activity at night; the grey wolf (Canis lupus) preferred daytime; and brown bears (Ursus arctos) favoured twilight and night. Mesocarnivores there were nocturnal. The alpine weasel (Mustela altaica), a small-sized carnivore, was diurnal. The staggered activity peaks among these carnivores indicated temporal niche partitioning, which presumably reduced direct interspecific competition. Furthermore, the relative abundance index 2 (RAI₂) of certain species was associated with different environmental and biological factors across different time periods. Common leopards showed no association with elevation during daytime but exhibited avoidance of grey wolf habitats. During twilight, their RAI₂ increased at higher elevations and was independent of grey wolf distribution. Brown bear activity was not associated with human presence during daytime but shifted at night to areas that had been used by humans throughout the day. The RAI₂ of common leopards showed a negative correlation with distance to settlements. Grey wolf daytime RAI₂ was positively correlated with the RAI₂ of humans and horses during the same time period. These findings inform management decisions and conservation efforts for ecological communities threatened with human encroachment.

Abstract (en)

lace of the study: Lithuania. Object of study: Gray wolf (Canis lupus). The aim of the study was to evaluate the genetic links between specific dog breeds and the wild wolf population in Lithuania based on DNA markers. Objectives of the research: To evaluate the individual parameters of genetic diversity of specific dog breeds and to compare the parameters of genetic diversity with the population of wild wolves in Lithuania. Based on DNA markers, to evaluate the genetic links between specific dog breeds and the wild wolf population in Lithuania. Based on DNA markers, to assess the probability of hybridization of gray wolf individuals from the wildlife population in Lithuania. Research methods: During the study, the genetic material of 314 gray wolves (hunted in 2024) and 48 domestic dogs (taken from Lithuania in 2023-2024) was analyzed, the final randomized sample was 33 individuals from each group. DNA was extracted from wolf meat by the modified ATMAB method, and from dog jaw swabs using the modified Lefort method, DNA concentrations were measured with a nanophotometer. In genetic analysis, 18 microsatellite (SSR) markers were used, preferring tetra- and trinucleotide repeats for cleaner amplification, PCR is used to enhance . Capillary electrophoresis with fluorescent labeling and automatic detection (e.g. GeneMapper software). Individual parameters of genetic diversity (Na, No, Ho, He, F) were calculated using Microsoft Excel and GenAlEx add-in by comparing allele frequencies between the 18 microsatellite loci of dogs and wolves to estimate diversity and the likelihood of hybridization. Results of the study: An analysis of genetic diversity revealed that domestic dog breeds have more allele richness than the wild wolf population, indicating an extensive history of selective breeding and population. The observed heterozygosity between wolves and dogs was almost identical, suggesting that wolves maintain a similar level of genetic variation and effectively avoid inbreeding, despite having a lower total number of alleles. The practice of dog breeding has led to non-random mating, and wolves show a tendency to breeding. Despite their common ancestors, wolves and dogs remain genetically different. Bayes’ analysis clearly distinguished the two groups, and wolves showed great purity of origin. A small number of wolves showed dog tracks, indicating long-standing introgression, and two individuals had a significantly higher canine pedigree, one exceeding 24% and indicating recent hybridization. Applying the limits established by Caniglia et al. (2020), the estimated level of hybridization in the Lithuanian wolf population was 6.06% (>4.5% dog ancestors). These results show that although wolf-dog hybridization in Lithuania occurs with low intensity, most wolves remain genetically intact with minimal dog admixture.

Abstract

Puma concolor exhibits morphological similarities to large cats of the genus Panthera, which often lead to ambiguity in assessing its phylogenetic relationships. This study aimed to analyze the phylogenetic position of Puma concolor within the family Felidae using the mitochondrial gene Cytochrome Oxidase Subunit I (COI). Phylogenetic analyses were conducted on 28 Felidae species with three outgroup species using MEGA4 and PAUP*. The results showed that Puma concolor is clearly separated from the Panthera clade and occupies an independent phylogenetic position, supported by bootstrap values as well as Consistency Index and Retention Index values greater than 0.50. These findings confirm that the morphological similarities between pumas and large cats are the result of convergent evolution and support the classification of Puma concolor within the subfamily Felinae.

Abstract
Introduction

The reintroduction in the wild of elaphure or Père David’s deer (Elaphurus davidianus) in a coastal wetland in Dafeng, Jiangsu Province, in the absence of an apex predator has been shown to negatively impact the ecosystem through overgrazing, which, over time, can also degrade the soil’s ability to sequester atmospheric carbon.
Objectives

The study’s objective was to determine the impact of reintroducing Père David’s deer on soil carbon content, an indicator of ecosystem productivity. To assess the potential impact of reintroduction, we conducted a field study at a controlled site to quantify the reduction in vegetation cover and determine whether grazing by Père David’s deer significantly altered the soil carbon content and, subsequently, soil productivity.
Methods

Data were collected within exclosures and outside them at three different areas of the reserve. We measured soil carbon content, soil moisture content, soil carbon dioxide flux, plant canopy cover, and average plant height. Statistical tests and logistic regression models were employed to assess the impact of deer grazing on soil quality.
Results

A reduction in leafing volume (plant cover area × plant height) was associated with a decline in soil carbon content. Within the reintroduction site, soil carbon content decreased by 8.9% annually from 2017 to 2019.
Conclusions

Evidence suggests that if the current trend of reintroduction persists, this section of the wetland will continue to decline in its capacity to sequester and store carbon, with similar declines likely across the larger reintroduction area.

bstract

Species bounty programs, much like bounty hunters charged to bring fugitives to justice, enlist the public to locate and remove unwanted species through financial incentives. With the goal of reducing population sizes, these programs address perceived ecological and economic damage caused by target species. In this study, we provide the first global assessment of species bounty programs, drawing on evidence from both historical and contemporary efforts across diverse regions and cultural contexts over the past eight centuries. We uncovered a long history of bounty programs involving at least 283 species—mammals, birds, fish, plants, reptiles, mollusks, insects, amphibians, and crustaceans—across 449 programs in 60 countries. Using this collective knowledge, we offer five perspectives on species bounty programs. First, bounty programs are launched for a variety of reasons, including economic (livestock, crops, fisheries, infrastructure), ecological (species, ecosystems), and social (human health) considerations related to unwanted species. Second, bounty programs vary in their design and implementation, ranging from well-planned operations with clear management and conservation objectives to ad hoc operations with limited articulation and investigation of project outcomes. Third, evidence points to unintended consequences, in which bounty programs result in the incidental removal of non-target species or in effects that may inadvertently benefit target species. Fourth, while not always the case, fraudulent activities have been reported, compromising the management outcomes of some programs. Fifth, public perception of bounty programs is highly dynamic and ensuring program engagement remains a persistent challenge. By reviewing the scattered narratives of past and present bounty programs globally, this review seeks to inform the evolving role of this management strategy.

Abstract

Live capture of grey wolves is an essential but invasive technique used for various ecological and management purposes, carrying potential risks of injury. A range of capture methods is available, each with its own advantages and disadvantages. This study conducted a systematic review of published literature and analyzed original data from 21 wolves captured in Italy between 2019 and 2024 using Fremont™ Humane Foot Snares to compare injury rates across different capture methods. Following PRISMA guidelines, 10 studies were included and assessed using four different injury-classification criteria. Statistical analyses using Fisher’s Exact Test revealed significant differences in injury frequencies among capture methods (p < 0.001 across all criteria). Conventional steel foothold traps caused the highest rate of severe foot and mouth injuries, while foot snare traps and aerial darting resulted in significantly fewer injuries and met international humane trapping standards. These findings emphasize that the choice and handling of capture techniques have a major influence on animal welfare outcomes. Foot snare traps and aerial darting, when properly implemented, appear to be the most humane and reliable capture methods for grey wolves.

Abstract

Experiences with the Coexistence model, which argues that large carnivores can live in territories shared with people, have been mostly positive in Europe. The relative success does not, however, come without significant challenges. These are related to social conflicts driven by the economic costs to local populations and related practical challenges, which are often linked to deeper divisions between individuals and groups with contrasting interests and value orientations. Coexistence is based on tolerance, which depends on several factors beyond costs and benefits, such as social trust, ability to control the risks and emotive reactions to wildlife, but also broader socio-political and economic factors beyond direct human-wildlife relations. On the basis of a case study of conservation conflict in Peneda-Gerês National Park in Portugal, the article seeks to identify the main reasons behind the observed problems of coexistence in the park, and what can be done to improve tolerance for wolves among local communities? The findings highlight three issues: (1) improve the compensation system for the victims of wolf predation by making it more prompt and upgrading the cause of death verification process; (2) provide substantial support also to other livelihoods than tourism, such as agropastoralism, which is crucial for maintaining the cultural landscape; and (3) improve communication and collaboration with the residents who actually live inside the park and are subject to its restrictions.

Abstract
adaptive loci dispersal gray wolf GT-seq noninvasive sampling targeted amplicon sequencing Wildlife conservation
Genetic and genomic monitoring of wildlife can reveal insights from individuals to populations and from genes to behavior. Genetic and genomic methodologies can aid in evaluating how population abundance, demographics, behavior, and genes change over time and in relation to changing environments, policies, and management (Sauer and Knutson, 2008; Allendorf et al., 2022). Traditionally, wildlife science has employed genetic markers, such as mitochondrial DNA and nuclear microsatellites, to investigate these topics, but recently the discipline has seen a transition to using high throughput genomic sequencing technologies to monitor and address questions about wildlife populations (Barbosa et al., 2020). The gray wolf (Canis lupus) provides a unique opportunity to employ genetic and genomic methodologies to investigate population genetics, demographics, and behavior as wolves have been variably managed and harvested throughout their range (Mech and Boitani 2003). Due to strong public interest in charismatic carnivores and mandated harvest reporting for wolves throughout much of their range in the western United States, thousands of samples have been collected that can be used with genetic and genomic techniques to inform management decisions. Furthermore, wolves share approximately 99.9% of their genome with domestic dogs (C. familiaris) (Wayne and Ostrander 2007), allowing researchers to leverage genome-wide association studies to identify genes associated with traits of interest and expand research to wild populations of wolves. As cooperatively breeding carnivores, changes in both external pressures and population genetic composition have the potential to impact the social composition and behavior of individuals in wolf groups.
In this dissertation, I developed and implemented genetic and genomic techniques in two populations of wolves to investigate population genetics and evaluate the genomic underpinnings of dispersal behavior. In Chapter 1, I used a 30-year dataset of genetic samples from Alaska, USA, to evaluate genetic diversity and connectivity between Denali National Park and Preserve and Yukon-Charley Rivers National Preserve which are separated by a region with recurrent human-caused mortality. In Chapter 2, I transitioned from using microsatellites to using genomic data by optimizing a putatively neutral microhaplotype panel for use with non-invasively collected wolf fecal samples, maintaining the ability to identify and match individuals across tissue and fecal sample sources and draw familial inferences. In Chapter 3, I leverage the unique ability of genomic data to capture putatively adaptive loci through the development of a GT-seq panel covering candidate genes associated with physical traits and behavioral traits. Finally, I combine these two genomic datasets in Chapter 4 to identify candidate loci potentially influencing dispersal in wolves.

Abstract

This study aims to analyze Qur’anic verses related to sheep and wolves through the approach of scientific exegesis (tafsir sains). The study focuses on Qur’anic verses in Surah Al-An‘am (6): 146, Thaha (20): 18, Al-Anbiya (21): 78, Shad (38): 23, Ash-Shaffat (37): 107, and Yusuf (12): 17. This research employs a qualitative library research method using a thematic interpretation (maudhu‘i) approach integrated with perspectives from both Qur’anic exegesis and science. The data were obtained from the Qur’an, classical and contemporary tafsir literature, as well as relevant scientific sources in the fields of biology, zoology, and ecology. The findings reveal that the mention of sheep in the Qur’an encompasses economic, social, legal, and spiritual dimensions. In the context of herding (Qur’an 20:18), the biological characteristics of sheep as herbivorous and flocking animals correspond to traditional herding practices. In the context of agricultural disputes (Qur’an 21:78 and 38:23), the grazing behavior of sheep, which may damage vegetation, is consistent with the ecological concept of overgrazing. Meanwhile, in the narrative of sacrifice (Qur’an 37:107), the selection of sheep as sacrificial animals has rational foundations in terms of domestication, environmental adaptation, and economic value within pastoral societies. The mention of wolves in Qur’an 12:17 portrays them as symbols of threat used as a pretext for deception. Scientifically, wolves are social predators that rarely attack humans except under extreme circumstances. Therefore, the narrative conveys a moral message concerning the manipulation of facts and deliberate falsehood. Thus, the scientific exegesis approach demonstrates a harmony between Qur’anic descriptions and empirical realities while affirming that verses concerning animals are not merely narrative in nature but also reflective and informative. This study emphasizes that the integration of tafsir and science can enrich the understanding of kauniyah verses without reducing the Qur’an to a scientific textbook.

Abstract

Snow leopards (Panthera uncia Schreber, 1775), the top predators in the mountains of southern and central Asia, are threatened by a range of human activities, including poaching and habitat destruction, which may reduce their genetic diversity. Owing to substantial knowledge gaps, the present study provides the first insights into the genetic characteristics and population structure of snow leopards inhabiting their southernmost range, spanning from Afghanistan’s Hindu Kush to India’s Arunachal Pradesh. Our study was based on scat and tissue samples, utilizing partial mitochondrial cytochrome b (Cyt b) gene sequences and microsatellite genotyping at 14 loci. Analysis of Cyt b sequences revealed seven haplotypes, of which three are region-specific to the Hindu Kush-Indian Himalayan Region (n = 43), the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (n = 21), and Mongolia-Russia (n = 26), suggesting potential forensic implications. Sequence divergence between haplotypes ranged from 0.0078 to 0.0145. We found moderate genetic variation (HO = 0.500 ± 0.028 SE, uHE = 0.709 ± 0.026 SE) and a significantly positive inbreeding coefficient (FIS = 0.25) based on microsatellite marker analyses. Gene flow and population genetic structure analyses reveal high genetic connectivity across the Indian Himalayan Region, except for the population in Himachal Pradesh, which is genetically divergent. The observed high genetic connectivity is likely attributable to long-ranging behavior, and homogeneous terrain characteristics across the Indian Himalayan Region. This study highlights the need for transboundary collaboration, standardized methodology, and the inclusion of environmental and ecological variation across the species’ range in defining genetic lineages for effective conservation strategies.

Abstract

The human-built environment influences the behavior and survival of many species, but most of these studies have been conducted in urban areas. Yet, anthropogenic development may impact species differently across scales, including at the rural level. We examined whether the built environment in a rural area obstructed visibility and influenced the antipredator behaviors of yellow-bellied marmots (Marmota flaviventer). We collected observational and experimental data around the Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory in Gothic, Colorado, USA, to analyze differences in maximum running speed, antipredator vigilance, propensity to alarm call, and flight initiation distance at both undeveloped and low human density developed sites. We calculated marmot viewscapes using high-resolution light detection and ranging (LiDAR) scans of marmot colonies and conducted visibility analyses to understand how overall visibility influences antipredator behaviors. We used mixed models to analyze the relationship between antipredator behaviors, development, and visibility. Development and visibility interacted to affect marmot vigilance: Animals in developed sites with highly variable visibility allocated more time to vigilance than animals in undeveloped, highly variable visibility sites, suggesting that despite the benefits of the human shield effect, living in close proximity to humans may increase risk perceptions more than living in undeveloped areas that had a similar level of visibility. We found no association between different intensities of development and visibility with maximum running speed, alarm calling propensity, or flight initiation distance. However, we found that marmots living in areas with highly variable visibility were less likely to emit alarm calls. We conclude that visibility analyses may be effective at explaining variation in some, but not all, antipredator behaviors. Our study provides a comprehensive and mechanistic examination of the ways in which human disturbance may affect behaviors with documented fitness consequences. We encourage continued consideration and study of human disturbance’s impacts on wildlife behavior at the rural scale.

Abstract

Human–wildlife conflicts are a growing global issue for wildlife, especially for large carnivores. The leopard Panthera pardus is generally solitary, shy and cryptic; however, human–leopard conflicts occur, including attacks on people. Attacks are generally rare throughout the majority of the species’ range, although in India they have been relatively high and are increasing. A high number of leopard attacks have been reported in the Kashmir region of India since 2000. These have been associated with the loss, fragmentation and degradation of leopard habitat as well as the scarcity of wild prey. We document leopard attacks in the Kashmir region during 2006–2023, examine causes for recent trends and discuss the challenge of coexistence. A total of 424 leopard attacks were reported, of which 312 (73.6%) resulted in injury and 112 (26.4%) in the death of the victim. The attacks were predominantly during February and September, and least during December and April. The peak number of attacks occurred during 10.00–10.59. The majority of the victims were 0–19 or 30–49 years old. Attacks by leopards were rarer than attacks by Asiatic black bears Ursus thibetanus in the same region during the same time period. However, a higher per cent of leopard attacks resulted in deaths. The number of attacks has been declining since 2009, with the exception of 2013. The reason for the decline is likely the removal of problem leopards, and the proactive measures of the Jammu and Kashmir Wildlife Protection Department and NGOs in the region.

Earth is undergoing accelerated loss of biodiversity. As wild animal populations decline, the resulting erosion of genetic diversity threatens species’ adaptive potential and long-term survival. Wildlife biobanking, defined as the systematic collection, preservation, and use of biological materials and their associated metadata, has emerged as a critical conservation strategy. Importantly, building on decades of progress in cryobiology and reproductive biotechnologies, gonadal and somatic tissues and cells from thousands of wild species have been preserved worldwide. These biobanks serve as genetic insurance policies, supporting animal care and management, research, assisted reproduction, and eventual population recovery. This review discusses current strategies, challenges, and future opportunities in wildlife biobanking. Cryopreservation approaches for different sample types and taxa are also reviewed, emphasizing the challenges of sample availability and species-specific cryotelance. The objective is also integrating increasingly large amounts of data associated with biological samples (digital biobanking) into conservation efforts. New frontiers in biobanking include innovative ambient-temperature preservation, precision biobanking informed by omics technologies, data interpretation using artificial intelligence, and establishment of global networks. These promising developments provide more opportunities to enhance and expand wildlife biobanking more quickly and broadly.

Abstract

Indian Grey Wolf (Canis lupus pallipes) faces several threats and challenges to its survival in the wild, including habitat loss, fragmentation, zoonotic disease, and retaliatory killing due to human–wolf conflict. The present study provides a detailed account of the rescue operation of the Indian Grey Wolf from the Bawarla village, Jodhpur district, Rajasthan. This rescue operation deals with the rescue procedure and associated challenges, as well as the immediate veterinary care provided for the rescued wolf at the Wildlife Rescue and Rehabilitation Centre. After the rescue, a skin turgor test was performed to assess the body’s dehydration status, and primary treatment was administered. Initial medications were provided to alleviate pain, stress, and infection, alongside wound management. At the rescue centre, an auscultation test was performed to identify a lung infection, necessitating further antibiotic treatment. Although the wolf initially exhibited signs of recovery, it later manifested symptoms indicative of rabies, including hypersalivation, circular movements, and hydrophobia. Human interaction was minimized throughout the treatment process. Veterinarians and staff maintained distance and restricted access to the enclosure to prevent possible visits. After vaccination, questionnaire surveys were conducted in Bawarla and nearby villages to investigate new rabies case reports in domestic and wild fauna. The pack of remaining wolves was monitored for any symptoms of rabies, but they roamed actively and remained healthy.

Abstract

Megafauna extinction during the Holocene has been both caused and amplified by climatic changes and human influence. By the last half century, large carnivores were diminished in Europe and the United States, but policies increasingly addressed species decline and their territories expanded. This research examined large carnivore rewilding across the European Union and United States, specifically for rewilding brown bears, Ursus arctos, in historic habitat. Next, case studies for the health status of climate-impacted whitebark pine, Pinus albicaulis, a high energy food for bears, was assessed. Ultimately, research case studies, human perspective surveys, and the California Department of Education content standards were analyzed due to potential grizzly bear, Ursus arctos horribilis, rewilding in California. Suitable habitat exists in the Sierra Nevada Mountains and could inhabit up to 832 bears beyond their current ESA-protected habitat in the lower-48 United States. Additionally, 94-95% of residents live in urban areas today and California elementary schools do not have access to explicit large carnivore education or materials until fourth grade, during a critical age (7-12 years of age) in children to foster connection with nature. With fewer opportunities to coexist with nature and limited mandated education for large carnivore thinking, perception of wildlife may become skewed from an early age without intentional nature-based solutions. By bridging childhoodnature relationships with the five carnivore coexistence concepts, an educational framework involving trust, representation, knowledge spheres, communication, and leadership was designed to integrate outdoor learning, environmental literacy, and worldviews from local traditional ecological knowledge into California schools.
Im not sitting well in chair

Abstract
Boreal woodland caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou) are listed as Threatened on Schedule 1 of the Canada Species at Risk Act, and critical habitat for this species is currently being defined across the country. Declines in populations have been driven largely by anthropogenic disturbance, and in this context much research has been directed at caribou habitat selection and that of their predators, including wolves (Canis lupus) and black bears (Ursus americanus). However, in the Boreal Shield of Saskatchewan caribou occur in relatively pristine habitat with low levels of anthropogenic disturbance, a naturally high fire-return interval, and few invasive species. The objectives of my study were to: (i) provide novel information on black bear and wolf ecology in the Boreal Shield of Saskatchewan; (ii) provide a baseline of data from a northern caribou range to which bear-wolf-caribou habitat selection patterns obtained from areas of greater anthropogenic disturbance can be compared; and (iii) examine how the species overlap in habitat selection patterns during the critical calving and post-calving seasons and relate that to potential for predation by black bears relative to wolves. My study was the first of its kind in northern Saskatchewan. Using satellite radio-tracked black bears, wolves, and caribou, I determined that bear habitat selection was strongly phenological, with animals generally selecting for mixed coniferous-deciduous stands in the first half of the active season but transitioning towards selecting younger (berry-producing) coniferous stands, especially jack pine forests, later in the summer and into fall. Bears also showed selection for linear features like roads and trails, and lower elevations (which included drainages). Wolves consistently avoided mature black spruce, a potential caribou refuge, but strongly selected open muskeg habitats, potential habitats for multiple prey species including caribou and moose. Wolves also selected lower elevations but unlike bears they showed an avoidance of linear features. During times of peak calf vulnerability, caribou appeared to maintain spatial separation from both predator species but were able to separate more strongly from bears than wolves. In my study area, I conclude that wolves rather than bears are still likely the most important predator influencing caribou populations considering relative overlap in habitat selection patterns. My results will help inform management decisions for caribou of the Saskatchewan Boreal Shield, with relevance to other northern boreal caribou populations that range over areas where disturbance is largely natural and not strongly influenced by human activity.

Abstract

As the Italian wolf (Canis lupus italicus) population has increased in recent years, so have conflicts with human activities. Although wolves feed mainly on wild ungulates in Italy, predation on livestock is also well-documented. Despite efforts to minimize depredation events, wolf predation on livestock seems to be increasing and many farmers express negative attitudes towards wolves. We hypothesize that the management of livestock causes conflicts between farmers and wolves, and that years of cohabitation with this species plays a major role in this conflict. To better understand the relationship between wolves and humans throughout Italy, we interviewed 426 farmers in 2023-2024 using anonymous questionnaires and analyzed their attitudes towards wolves, exploring potential correlates such as geographic and demographic information, knowledge and beliefs about wolves, and personal experience with livestock and wolves. Our results highlight differences in attitudes towards wolves based on 1) geographic areas (farmers in northern Italy have more negative attitudes compared to central and southern Italy), 2) level of knowledge and beliefs about wolves (farmers with less knowledge of wolves expressed more negative attitudes; more years of cohabitation with wolves correlate with positive attitudes), and 3) prevention methods or personal experience with wolves (use of guard dogs and electric fences was related to positive attitudes). Despite the limited sample size, this study represents one of the first attempts to collect data on farmers’ perceptions of wolves across Italy. Our findings underscore both the need for further representative investigations focused on controversial carnivore species and the importance of tailoring wildlife management strategies to diverse social and geographical contexts.

bstract

The distribution of Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) in the Arctic has been limited and poorly documented. However, recent evidence indicates that salmon are more commonly feeding and spawning at northerly latitudes as the climate warms. Here, we report on post-spawning sockeye salmon, O. nerka, observed in the Clark River on Wrangel Island, Russia (N 71°, W 178°). To our knowledge, this is the first documented occurrence of this species spawning in rivers of the Russian Arctic. The fish were observed on 22 September 2018, approximately 55 river km inland at an elevation of 250 m. If a sockeye salmon population were to become established on Wrangel, it would represent a significant range extension for the species. It also could alter ecosystem dynamics by providing an alternative food supply for the exceptionally high density of polar bears, Ursus maritimus, that use the island during the summer and autumn. Our opportunistic observation of sockeye salmon on Wrangel highlights the importance of future investigation into their origin and life history, population status (i.e., whether they are self-recruiting or strays from elsewhere), and potential effects on polar bears and other terrestrial wildlife.

Abstract

Conflict between humans and carnivores, known as Human-Carnivore Conflict (HCC), has existed throughout history, with recent escalations attributed to anthropogenic expansion and intensified resource competition. Conflict with carnivores primarily stems from livestock depredation, resulting in economic losses that threaten livelihoods. These conflicts pose significant challenges for affected human communities and carnivore conservation. Non-lethal mitigation strategies, particularly livestock guardian animals (LGAs), are widely used, yet rigorous tests of species-specific effectiveness remain limited. Among LGAs, livestock-guardian donkeys (LGDks) are especially understudied despite widespread use. This paper synthesises findings from an extensive review of 58 global studies on LGDk use and efficacy, examining contextual factors influencing their success and the carnivore species involved in depredation events. We found substantial research gaps, with only 5.1% of reviewed literature consisting of experimental studies. Research discrepancies were also identified across carnivore species involved in depredation events, which encompassed six carnivore families and 27 wild species, including seven classified as threatened. Our findings indicate that donkeys can be effective livestock guardians due to their protective herding instincts, accessibility, cost-effectiveness, and low maintenance requirements. However, critical knowledge gaps persist regarding their practical application, access to reliable information, and tested use in diverse contexts, which could either impede or enhance their effectiveness. Empirical research is needed to refine effective non-lethal strategies, enhance human-carnivore coexistence, and better inform carnivore conservation efforts.

Abstract

One of the most important hotspots for biodiversity in the world, the Himalayas includes Nepal, India, Bhutan, China and Pakistan. They are home to a multitude of endemic plants and animals that are especially suited to the diverse geoclimatic conditions of the area. This chapter examines the ecological relevance of the Himalayas, which are home to a wide variety of climate zones, seasonal variations, and complicated topography that support abundant biodiversity. These varied habitats, which range from subtropical forests to alpine meadows, support a variety of species worldwide and provide vital ecosystem services, such as resources and a supply of fresh water, to millions of people. However, this natural richness is seriously threatened by human activity and climate change. This study highlights the pressing need for sustainable measures to safeguard the environmental health of the Himalayas by looking at patterns of biodiversity, conservation requirements, and local reliance on these resources. The results offer important new information about how protecting the Himalayas might help local livelihoods and international efforts to conserve biodiversity.

Kastamonu province is home to about 200 species of birds with its location, vegetation, topographical structure. Ilgaz Mountain National Park is one of the important recreation areas as well as being a protected area with high biological richness. Accurate and regularize the population data for wildlife management is critical. This study aimed at updating the species of birds spreading in Ilgaz Mountain National Park and to determine the population density. By using the counting method at the point and dividing the field into squareds, the population densities of the species were determined and the secular density maps of bird species were created. As a result of the study, a total of 1348 bird units belonging to 14 families were detected in the area and it was observed that the species belonging to the family of Ispinros (Fringillidae) and the Bastankaragilleri (Paridae) were more dominant than other species spreading in the field. The study is expected to contribute to wildlife planning and management by providing basic data to determine the habitat use of bird species in Ilgaz Mountain National Park.

Abstract

The animal kingdom exhibits a vast array of reproductive strategies, each shaped by evolutionary pressures and ecological contexts to maximize reproductive success and species survival. This paper explores the multifaceted mechanisms and variations in animal reproduction, ranging from asexual modes such as parthenogenesis to complex sexual systems involving internal fertilization, courtship behavior, and parental investment. It examines how factors like habitat stability, resource availability, and predation influence the selection of specific reproductive strategies across taxa. High-reproduction, low-investment strategies seen in many invertebrates and amphibians contrast with the low-reproduction, high-investment approaches of mammals and birds, reflecting the classical r/K selection framework. The study also addresses the role of behavioral adaptations, including mating systems and reproductive timing, in optimizing fitness outcomes. Furthermore, the ecological implications of these strategies are analyzed, highlighting their influence on population dynamics, genetic diversity, and species interactions within ecosystems. The paper emphasizes the significance of reproductive diversity not only in understanding animal biology and evolution but also in informing conservation efforts, particularly in a rapidly changing environment where reproductive success is increasingly threatened. By integrating biological, ecological, and behavioral perspectives, this survey provides a comprehensive understanding of the strategic diversity in animal reproduction and its broader ecological relevance.

The Endangered Kashmir musk deer Moschus cupreus is a conservation priority species facing population decline as a result of habitat loss and illegal hunting for its musk pod. Effective conservation requires identifying habitats that support the species’ survival and persistence. We used sign survey and camera-trap data with single-species occupancy modelling to examine the environmental factors influencing the species’ habitat use in Pattan Valley, Himachal Pradesh, and Govind Pashu Vihar National Park, Uttarakhand, India. We deployed a total of 43 camera traps and surveyed 54 trails in Pattan Valley, and had 23 camera traps and 43 trails in Govind Pashu Vihar National Park. The results indicate that M. cupreus occupies conifer forests (Pinus wallichiana, Picea smithiana, Abies spectabilis and Cedrus deodara, intermixed with Betula utilis) at 2,946–4,418 m in Pattan Valley, and mixed forests (P. wallichiana, P. smithiana, C. deodara, B. utilis, A. spectabilis, Taxus wallichiana and Quercus semecarpifolia) at 2,145–3,641 m in the National Park. Elevation and conifer forests had positive influences on the occupancy and detection probability of Kashmir musk deer in Pattan Valley, similarly mixed forests and elevation had positive influences on occupancy and detection probability, respectively, in Govind Pashu Vihar National Park. Contrarily, supporting model suggests that conifer forests have a negative influence on detection probability of Kashmir musk deer in the National Park. As high-altitude forested areas are vital habitat for M. cupreus, there is a need to improve protection and minimize anthropogenic disturbance in these areas. Our findings will aid wildlife managers in conservation planning and help inform management decisions for this species.

BSTRACT

Psychologists have long known that contact with and exposure to so-called outgroup members can help overcome separation, including those resulting from entrenched conflicts. Getting to know each other facilitates understanding and fosters tolerance, whether we think of national, religious, cultural, socio-economic or age divides. Thus, we here expand the concept of Environmental Peacebuilding to Environmental Bridgebuilding, because sharing knowledge and practices around nature conservation objectives offers opportunities to find common ground for individuals and groups. With Environmental Bridgebuilding, we are emphasising the connectivity effects of nature conservation planning and implementation. Due to our shared experiences, we take our work with the barn owl, Tyto alba, as an example to discuss Environmental Bridgebuilding. This choice does not limit Environmental Bridgebuilding to this species, on the contrary. Moreover, we discuss psychological factors in addition to between-subgroup and intergroup challenges that might impact the success of socially engaging nature conservation initiatives, as well as the need for the combined expertise from various professions, such as biologists, psychologists, farmers and economists. Ecology and science more generally can be an inspiring source to bring together people that life has divided.

Abstract

Water sources in desert ecosystems are critical for wildlife survival, but they may also attract thousands of visitors, creating potential conflicts between humans and wildlife. Effective management strategies are essential to support human-wildlife coexistence in these fragile arid environments, allowing for sustainable tourism while minimizing human impact. However, data on wildlife responses to visitors and on the effectiveness of management strategies remain limited. In this study, we evaluated two management approaches: limiting visitor numbers and establishing visitor-free zones. We placed six camera traps around water pools in a highly visited nature reserve in a hyper-arid region. Cameras were set in both accessible and restricted areas during the summer of 2023. A temporary closure of the reserve following a tragic rockfall provided a unique opportunity to assess the effects of reduced visitation. Our findings revealed species-specific responses to visitor presence. Nubian ibex (Capra nubiana) reduced activity when more visitors were present, but only in accessible zones. Red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) increased activity in high-visitor areas. Rock hyraxes (Procavia capensis) preferred restricted zones regardless of visitor numbers, while Blanford’s foxes (Vulpes cana) reduced activity with increased human presence regardless of the location. Arabian wolves (Canis lupus arabs) and Indian crested porcupines (Hystrix indica) showed little or no response. Despite these varied patterns, most species preferred drinking in areas with fewer visitors. These results highlight the importance of combining management strategies to protect a broad range of species. At the same time, they emphasize the need to clearly define conservation targets in nature reserves to guide and prioritize effective management actions accordingly.

Abstract
Wildlife ecological corridors are implemented globally to reconnect habitats fragmented by roads. However, their effectiveness in restoring functional connectivity between habitats remains unclear. Here, we develop a spatially explicit two-dimensional random walk model parameterized with the empirically derived median dispersal distance of Leopard Cat Prionailurus bengalensis to assess the impact of the “Kunpeng Trail No. 1 Bridge” in Shenzhen, China, on habitat connectivity. Algorithmic modules for barrier avoidance and habitat-suitability-informed step selection are integrated within the model to drive the simulation of agent movement. Our results show that, following the corridor’s construction, the simulated agent successfully arrived at the adjacent habitat in 47 out of 200 fixed-point simulations and 25 out of 200 random-point simulations. A comparative analysis of the probability of successful arrival at adjacent habitats under no-corridor, with-corridor (12.5%, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 7.0%–21.1%), and no-road (28.5%, 95% CI: 20.3%–38.6%) random-point scenarios showed that the wildlife ecological corridor restored over 40% of the functional connectivity and over 50% of the movement frequency in the adjacent habitat, despite the corridor’s width being merely 1/35 of the flanking mountain-section width. Furthermore, we found that widening the existing corridor was more effective for restoring connectivity than constructing multiple corridors. These findings highlight the potential role of wildlife ecological corridors in restoring functional connectivity and offer a random walk-based modeling framework that incorporates habitat-suitability-informed step selection and barrier avoidance to guide the optimization of corridor design.

ABSTRACT

Variability in the inferential strength or reliability of different scientific studies creates uncertainty in the status of knowledge on a given subject, giving rise to multiple myths, furphies and red herrings in scientific discourse. This is particularly true in the case of dingo ecology and management in Australia, which exemplifies common issues surrounding the management of many charismatic predators around the world. In this viewpoint article I describe and classify 15 dingo-related topics as myths, furphies and red herrings, including topics as diverse as genetics, evolutionary history, behaviour, lethal control, species interactions, management practices and policy settings. I argue that myths are often used as an excuse to ‘do nothing’ or to avoid having to do or face something uncomfortable, whereas furphies can cause confusion and create unnecessary argument between stakeholders when management actions incorrectly assume their truthfulness. Practices and policies reliant on myths and furphies inevitably produce poor social, economic and environmental outcomes. Though they can be statements of truth, the deployment of red herrings during discourse does nothing to resolve disagreement, advance knowledge or achieve clarity and shared understanding between stakeholders. As an alternative to ongoing and unproductive debates about the myths, furphies and red herrings described, I encourage a refocus towards the priority issues identified by the IUCN Canid Specialist Group’s Dingo Working Group, including obtaining better information on Australian dingoes’ relationships with other wild canids, the non-numerical effects of dingo control and the effectiveness of non-lethal tools to manage conflicts with dingoes. Avoidance of myths, furphies and red herrings in favour of a refocus towards more important topics is likely to advance the science of dingo conservation and management more rapidly, and in a much more congenial way, than would otherwise be the case.

Abstract

Camera traps are widely used in wildlife management to monitor focal species such as ungulates. However, the large amount of data on non-target species is rarely analyzed systematically. In this study, we examine whether management-oriented camera trap surveys can be used to infer broader biodiversity patterns. Using camera trap data from four study sites, we recorded 57 species, including 25 mammals and 32 birds. Species richness varied between sites but this was not primarily driven by total sampling effort. Despite substantially greater effort invested, a long-term opportunistic survey detected only slightly more species than a short-term survey using systematic random placement, consistent with spatial coverage, camera density and area size jointly influencing species detection rather than sampling duration alone. We analyzed species accumulation using Michaelis–Menten models fitted to taxa that could be reliably detected by camera traps. Systematic random surveys reached species saturation more rapidly and exhibited faster accumulation than opportunistic designs. The proportion of mammal species listed under the EU Habitats Directive remained consistent across sites, suggesting that camera traps can effectively detect species of conservation significance, even when deployed for management purposes. Late detections of rare or hard-to-detect species disrupted saturation at one site, illustrating the sensitivity of accumulation models to detectability. Overall, our results suggest that camera trap surveys targeting specific species can provide valuable additional information on biodiversity, and that by-catch data should be systematically integrated into wildlife monitoring programs. Systematic random designs may offer efficiency advantages for species inventories, although this comparison is observational and confounded by differences in area size and camera density.

Abstract

Wildlife species are managed on a regional scale in Sweden and moose (Alces alces) are managed according to local moose population goals within moose management areas (MMA). The moose is the most important game species for hunters in Sweden. The grey wolf (Canis lupus) is a protected species but are managed through proactive culling to limit population size, where the aim is to kill all individuals in selected wolf territories. The aim of this study was to investigate if proactive culling of wolves’ result in 1) a decrease in the density of wolves, and 2) an increase in the hunter harvest and the density of moose in Sweden. Harvest statistics of moose (n = 84043) between the hunting seasons 2012/2013 and 2023/2024 from the MMAs (n = 19) within the counties Värmland, Örebro and Västmanland were used. The total harvest per MMA (per km2), the proportion of females out of adult harvest, and the proportion of calves out of the total harvest was analysed. The management goals of the moose population (decrease, no-change or increase), the esimated wolf territory density index, moose density before harvest, year, and treatment (culling or not) within the MMA (n=134) were used as explanatory variables. Two different time spans were analysed, a shorter (one year before and one year after culling of wolves) and a longer (three years before and three years after culling of wolves). There was a difference in wolf territory density before culling occurred between MMAs with culling (year 1: wolf index = 0.51) and the control areas (year 1: wolf index = 0.22). Wolf territory density decreased after culling, but the effect was weak (~8 %). For the total moose harvest, the short time span indicated no difference between areas, but for the longer time span, there was a time-lagged effect where in three years after wolf culling, the total harvest increased (14.3 %). None of the included explanatory factors explained variation in the proportion of females in the harvest. The proportion of harvested calves showed that culling of wolves had a negative effect on the harvest of moose, with a weak increase in the proportion harvested calves after the culling occurred. The results from this study is important knowledge for the adaptive management of carnivores and ungulates.