Comparison of Activity Patterns for American Beavers, Gray Wolves, and Muskrats. Lorenz, M.L., 2021
ABSTRACT
American beavers (Castor canadensis) share the same niche as muskrats (Ondatra zibethicus) by creating lodges and they compete with one another when their vegetation needs overlap. Beavers face predation from gray wolves (Canis lupus). The prediction is that beavers adjust their activity pattern in order to reduce competition with muskrats and to avoid predation from gray wolves. Activity patterns were found by using the Snapshot USA database. Beavers share the same nocturnal activity pattern with muskrats and gray wolves have cathemeral patterns that most likely adjust to the available prey’s schedule. This research has revealed that beavers have a definitive schedule that is not heavily affected by competition or predation, but more research may need to be done where an overlap of beavers with muskrats or gray wolves is more well known.
Do apex predators need to regulate prey populations to be a right conservation target?. Martínez-Abraín A, Llaneza L, Ballesteros F, Grandal-d’Anglade A. Biological Conservation. 2021 Sep
ABSTRACT
cultural models of wildness have developed further due to contingent historical and social reasons. In southern European ecosystems apex predators usually cannot regulate prey populations, acting as scavengers or vegetarian. As a consequence, prey are often regulated by bottom-up mechanisms, such as density-dependent disease or food availability. This should not be seen as a downgrading of predator functionality in ecosystems, but just as another type of ecosystem organization. Actually, the species that we now call apex predators were part of much richer predator communities in the Pleistocene, where they behaved as mesopredators (wolf) or already had vegetarian diets (southern brown bear). Species functionality shows spatiotemporal heterogeneity, and this variability needs to be taken into account and incorporated to conservation plans on a case by case basis, to improve their success rates and human-wildlife coexistence.
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